His probable illegitimate son, Alessandro de Medici, a tyrant, was the last of the direct male line of the elder branch. Only Great Britain and the Dutch Republic gave any credence to it, and the plan ultimately died with Cosimo III in 1723.[45]. In 1569, the duchy was elevated to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany after territorial expansion. [11] Finally, it was Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor who suggested Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine. The extinction of the main Medici dynasty and the accession in 1737 of Francis Stephen, Duke of Lorraine and husband of Maria Theresa of Austria, led to Tuscany's temporary inclusion in the territories of the Austrian crown. Austria and Spain were ruled by the House of Habsburg; the two are interchangeable terms for the Habsburg domains in the time period in question. On her marriage to Elector Johann Wilhelm II, she became Electress of the Palatinate, and, by patronising musicians, she earned for the contemporary Palatine court the reputation of an important music centre. Fri 31 Mar 2023 10:21 AM. WebThe Age of the Medici, originally released in Italy as L'et di Cosimo de Medici (The Age of Cosimo de Medici), is a 1973 3-part TV series about the Renaissance in Florence, directed by Roberto Rossellini.The series was shot in English in the hope of securing a North American release, which it failed to achieve, and was later dubbed Although knowledge of vitamins did not exist at the time, the benefit of oranges for certain diseases was recognized and their association with recommendations by medical doctors suggests to Ruggiero that this likely is the imagery intended in the coats of arms for the Medici family. The Last Medici Hardcover January 1, 1980 by Harold Acton (Author) 9 ratings See all formats and editions Hardcover $34.03 23 Used from $3.87 2 New from $34.03 1 Collectible from $14.00 Paperback $20.95 2 Used from $29.85 8 New from $20.95 WebAnna Maria Luisa, the last of the Medici family, died in the Pitti Palace on 18 February 1743, at the age of 76. It ensured that all the Medicean art and treasures collected over nearly three centuries of political ascendancy remained in Florence. - Medici in prima linea: George Clooney e Anthony Edwards in una scena. Portrait as Electress Palatine, painted by Jan Frans von Douven Anna Maria Luisa de Medici in Florence today Fri 31 Mar 2023 10:21 AM. [44] Cosimo desperately tried to reach a settlement with the European powers, but Tuscany's legal status was very complicated: the area of the grand duchy formerly comprising the Republic of Siena was technically a Spanish fief, while the territory of the old Republic of Florence was thought to be under imperial suzerainty. 
[21] Because Anna Maria Luisa patronised many musicians, the contemporary Palatine court enjoyed regard as an international centre of music. Giulio de Medici, the illegitimate son of Lorenzo the Magnificents brother Giuliano, abdicated power in 1523 to become Pope Clement VII, and the short and brutal rule of Alessandro (reputed to be Giulios own illegitimate son) ended with his assassination in 1537. The next few years marked the high point of Medici influence in Europe, as Leo X followed in his fathers humanistic footsteps and devoted himself to artistic patronage. [5] On one documented occasion, she branded him "a poor groom" in the presence of the Papal nuncio. The last descendant of the Medici before leaving all his inheritance to the new heirs retraces the history of his ancestors and of the villas in which the Medici lived and reigned. Upon the death of his first son, Cosimo contemplated restoring the Florentine republic, either upon Anna Maria Luisa's death, or on his own, if he predeceased her. She was buried in the Medici Chapels, in the San Lorenzo church, where she still rests. WebMedici family, French Mdicis, Italian bourgeois family that ruled Florence and, later, Tuscany during most of the period from 1434 to 1737, except for two brief intervals (from 1494 to 1512 and from 1527 to 1530). His probable illegitimate son, Alessandro de Medici, a tyrant, was the last of the direct male line of the elder branch. [26], Cosimo III wished to alter the male-only Tuscan line of succession so as to allow the accession of his daughter, Anna Maria Luisa, in the event of a male-line succession failure. The Spanish reaction was to construct a citadel on their portion of the island of Elba. The Medicis produced four popes (Leo X, Clement VII, Pius IV and Leo XI), and their genes have been mixed into many of Europes royal families. The last great act of the Medici for their city was made by the last descendant Anna Maria Luisa de Medici. Stars Piera Degli Esposti Amerigo Fontani Athos Leonardi See production, box office & company info Add to Watchlist Episodes 14 Browse episodes 1 Season 2020 Photos 19 ft. home is a 5 bed, 4.0 bath property. Fri 31 Mar 2023 10:21 AM. Average for the last 12 months. In 1512, thanks in part to the efforts of Pieros younger brother Giovanni (a cardinal at the time and the future Pope Leo X), the Medici family was able to return to Florence. The Medici were expelled from Florence from 1494 to 1512 after Piero acceded to all of the demands of invader Charles VIII of France. From the time of Clement's election as pope in 1523 until the sack of Rome, Florence was governed by the young Ippolito de' Medici (future cardinal and vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman Church), Alessandro de' Medici (future duke of Florence), and their guardians. The Medici Bank collapsed in 1494. [40] At the time of his death, the population of the grand duchy was 730,594; the streets were lined with grass and the buildings on the verge of collapse in Pisa.[41]. Shipping speed. As rulers over the Renaissances birthplace, the family had been among the greatest supporters of the genius artists and scholars the era produced, including Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Portrait as Electress Palatine, painted by Jan Frans von Douven Anna Maria Luisa de Medici in Florence today The Ruspanti, Gian Gastone's decrepit entourage, loathed the electress, and she them. Although none of the Medici themselves were scientists, the family is well known to have been the patrons of the famous Galileo Galilei, who tutored multiple generations of Medici children and was an important figurehead for his patron's quest for power. Despite the presence of some Medici in the city's government institutions, they were still far less notable than other outstanding families such as the Albizzi or the Strozzi. Instead of willing her valuables to her children, as prescribed by the 1674 agreement, they went to the Princess of Epinoy, a distant relative. The Medici Bank collapsed in 1494. As rulers over the Renaissances birthplace, the family had been among the greatest supporters of the genius artists and scholars the era produced, including Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. In 1736, following the War of the Polish Succession, Don Carlos was disbarred from Tuscany, and Francis III of Lorraine was made heir in his stead. She was buried in the Medici Chapels, in the San Lorenzo church, where she still rests. This bank was the largest in Europe during the 15th century and facilitated the Medicis' rise to political power in Florence, although they officially remained citizens rather than monarchs until the 16th century. The simplest, though also unproven, theory suggests that the balls represented coins copied from the coat of arms of the Guild of Moneychangers (Arte del Cambio) to which the Medici belonged. 
[15] The next year, however, a pro-Medici Signoria (civic government) led by Tommaso Soderini, Oddo Altoviti and Lucca Pitti was elected and Cosimo returned. At this point, the descendants of Cosimo the Elders brother (known as Lorenzo the Elder) came forward to launch a new Medici dynasty. That shield was red strewn with Byzantine coins (bezants). Father of, Cousin of Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, son of. Medici is the plural of medico, meaning "medical doctor". [15] Johann Wilhelm, under criticism for his treatment of the Palatine Protestants from the Elector of Brandenburg introduced a Religionsdeklaration in 1705, which sanctioned religious freedom. The Galileo Project. Cousin of Cardinal Ippolito de' Medici, illegitimate son of Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino or Pope Clement VII. As a consequence, the grand duchy expired and the territory became a secundogeniture of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. Cynthia Miller Lawrence, an American art-historian, argues that Anna Maria Luisa thus provisioned for Tuscany's future economy through tourism. 
Shipping speed. The last Medici, savior of Florences art, exhumed. However, in 1735, as part of a territorial arrangement, the European powers appointed Francis Stephen of Lorraine as heir, and he duly ascended the Tuscan throne in her stead. The restoration of the republic would entail resigning Siena to the Holy Roman Empire, but, regardless, it was vehemently endorsed by his government. [56] On 18 February 1743, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Dowager Electress Palatine, died of an "oppression on the breast". Gian Gastone revelled in upsetting her. WebMedici family, French Mdicis, Italian bourgeois family that ruled Florence and, later, Tuscany during most of the period from 1434 to 1737, except for two brief intervals (from 1494 to 1512 and from 1527 to 1530). Portrait as Electress Palatine, painted by Jan Frans von Douven Anna Maria Luisa de Medici in Florence today [21] He commissioned a theatre for her where the comedies of French playwright Molire were performed. He and Anna Maria Luisa were married by proxy on 29 April 1691. Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an affluent realm; his inaction in international affairs, however, would have long-reaching consequences down the line. [10] The origin of the name is uncertain. The so-called younger branch of the family began with Giovannis younger son Lorenzo de Medici. The Medici family was connected to most other elite families of the time through marriages of convenience, partnerships, or employment, so the family had a central position in the social network: several families had systematic access to the rest of the elite families only through the Medici, perhaps similar to banking relationships. Agostino Steffani, a polymath, was sponsored by the Electress from his arrival in Dsseldorf, in 1703, until her return to Tuscany; the Conservatorio Luigi Cherubini library in Florence houses two editions of his chamber duets. Like other families ruling in Italian signorie, the Medici dominated their city's government, were able to bring Florence under their family's power, and created an environment in which art and humanism flourished. [5] The enmity between them continued until 26 December 1674; after all attempts at conciliation failed, a stressed Cosimo consented to his wife's departure for the Convent of Montmartre, France. [6] In 1532, the family acquired the hereditary title Duke of Florence. One unproven story traces their ancestry to a knight of Charlemagne's, Averardo, who defeated a giant, Mugello. He died in 1574, succeeded by his eldest surviving son Francesco, whose death without male heirs led to the succession of his younger brother, Ferdinando, in 1587. [12] Until the late 14th century, the leading family of Florence was the House of Albizzi. Charles VI had previously offered the Grand Duke territorial compensationin the form of the State of Presidiif he chose quickly, but reneged. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Eldest son of Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Average for the last 12 months. [1] The 4,434 sq. She made an agreement with the Lorraine familythe new sovereigns of Florenceand forced them to leave intact the heritage of the Medici family, which had to be kept in Florence. The very last Grand Duke of Tuscany, Gian Gastone de Medici, passed away without a son in 1737. The last Medici, Anna Maria de Louisa de Medici, died in 1743. [54] Anna Maria Luisa was offered a nominal regency by the Prince de Craon, the Grand Duke's envoy, until Francis III could arrive in Florence, but declined. [52] In January 1737, the Spanish troops, who had occupied Tuscany since 1731, withdrew; 6,000 Austrian soldiers took their place. [72][73] The number of balls also varied with time, as shown below. Johann Wilhelm surprised her at Innsbruck, where they officially married. In reward, Charlemagne is said to have rewarded Averardo with the shield mauled by the giant, with the dents in the shape of balls, and the giant's lands in Mugello. Following the assassination of Duke Alessandro, power passed to the "junior" Medici branchthose descended from Lorenzo the Elder, the youngest son of Giovanni di Bicci, starting with his great-great-grandson Cosimo I "the Great.". His conduct at the banquets was less than regal; he often vomited repeatedly into his napkin, belched, and regaled those present with socially inappropriate jokes. [39] At that time, the economy was so decrepit that barter trade became prevalent in rural market places. He was the second son of Grand Duke Cosimo III and Marguerite Louise d'Orlans. Europe largely ignored Cosimo's plan. Following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, a document which had hitherto given rights to Calvinists, in 1685, 2,000 French Huguenots emigrated to the Electoral Palatinate. [24] Gian Gastone's wife repulsed him, and for that reason, they separated in 1708. The Medici line was then extinct. Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici (11 August 1667 18 February 1743) was an Italian noblewoman who was the last lineal descendant of the main branch of the House of Medici. Some examples of these families include the Bardi, Altoviti, Ridolfi, Cavalcanti and the Tornabuoni. The contract created that day revoked her privileges as a petite fille de France, and declared that upon her death all her assets were to be inherited by her children. Eldest son of Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. His probable illegitimate son, Alessandro de Medici, a tyrant, was the last of the direct male line of the elder branch. But the legacy of the Medici family lived on. Louis repudiated her pro-Habsburg policy in 1617. Another outstanding figure of the 16th-century Medici family was Cosimo I, who rose from relatively modest beginnings in the Mugello to attain supremacy over the whole of Tuscany. Although Gian Gastone was the last Medici grand duke, the dynasty had long been in decline from its former greatness. WebThe Age of the Medici, originally released in Italy as L'et di Cosimo de Medici (The Age of Cosimo de Medici), is a 1973 3-part TV series about the Renaissance in Florence, directed by Roberto Rossellini.The series was shot in English in the hope of securing a North American release, which it failed to achieve, and was later dubbed - Medici in prima linea: George Clooney e Anthony Edwards in una scena. [40], On 4 April 1718 England, France and the Dutch Republic (and later Austria) selected Don Carlos of Spain, the elder child of Elisabeth Farnese and Philip V of Spain, as the Tuscan heir (with no mention of Anna Maria Luisa). Henry explicitly stated that he would defend Tuscany from Spanish aggression, but later reneged, after which Ferdinando was forced to marry his heir, Cosimo, to Maria Maddalena of Austria to assuage Spain (where Maria Maddalena's sister Margaret was the incumbent Queen consort). Upon the defeat of the French armies in Italy by the [61][62] This is equivalent to 681,169 in present-day terms. He was the second son of Grand Duke Cosimo III and Marguerite Louise d'Orlans. Tuscany was overrun with religious orders, not all of whom were obliged to pay taxes. [36] In 1718, Charles VI repudiated Cosimo's decision, declaring a union of Tuscany and Modena (the Este lands) unacceptable. Anna Maria Luisa de Medici was the only surviving family member and had no offspring. [2] In regards to this, her most notable act was the Patto di Famiglia ("Family Pact"), signed on 31 October 1737. [7] Although Cosimo doted on his daughter, she was raised by her paternal grandmother, Vittoria della Rovere. Cosimo purchased a portion of the island of Elba from the Republic of Genoa and based the Tuscan navy there. [32] To complicate things further, Elisabeth Farnese, heiress of the Duchy of Parma, the second wife of Philip V of Spain, as a great-granddaughter of Margherita de' Medici, exercised a claim to Tuscany. Ferdinando eagerly assumed the government of Tuscany. After securing Alessandro de' Medici's dukedom, Pope Clement VII married off his first cousin, twice removed, Catherine de' Medici, to the son of Emperor Charles V's arch-enemy, King Francis I of Francethe future King Henry II. The Medici became the city's leading family, a position they would hold for the next three centuries. For the pharmaceutical company, see, Minerva, Mercury and Pluto pay homage to the Electress Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, The Medieval World Europe 11001350 by Friedrich Heer, 1998 Germany. They clearly dominated Florentine representative government without abolishing it altogether. He is most remembered as the patron of astronomer Galileo Galilei, whose 1610 treatise, Sidereus Nuncius, was dedicated to him. Maria Maddelana's temperament was analogous to Christina's, and together they aligned Tuscany with the papacy, re-doubled the Tuscan clergy, and allowed the heresy trial of Galileo Galilei to occur. Lorenzo's son Piero II took over as the head of Florence after Lorenzo's death. The family originated in the Mugello region of Tuscany, and prospered gradually until it was able to fund the Medici Bank. [36] In 1657, Leopoldo de' Medici, the Grand Duke's youngest brother, established the Accademia del Cimento, organized to attract scientists to Florence from all over Tuscany for mutual study. From Leo's election as pope in 1513 to his death in 1521, Florence was overseen, in turn, by Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours, Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, and Giulio de' Medici, the latter of whom became Pope Clement VII. Free shipping for many products! Later, in Rome, the Medici popes continued in the family tradition of patronizing artists in Rome. 
[31] Ferdinando's pro-papal foreign policy, however, had drawbacks. 
[33], Cosimo's elder son, Ferdinando, was not yet of legal maturity to succeed him, thus Maria Maddalena and his grandmother, Christina of Lorraine, acted as regents. Anna Maria Luisa signed the Patto di Famiglia ("family pact") on 31 October 1737. It would also have reflected the family's interest in Etruscan art and culture. [27] In foreign affairs, he shifted Tuscany away from Habsburg[28] hegemony by marrying the first non-Habsburg marriage candidate since Alessandro, Christina of Lorraine, a granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici. WebAnother of Cosimos grandsons, Giulio de Medici (14781534) became pope as Clement VII. 5.0. [30], Following the death of his heir apparent, Ferdinando, in 1713, Cosimo deposited a bill in the Senate, Tuscany's titular legislature, promulgating that if Cosimo and his new heir apparent, Gian Gastone, were to predecease the Electress, she would ascend the throne. By the early 1520s, few descendants of Cosimo the Elder remained. The Medici briefly became leaders of Christendom through their two famous 16th century popes, Leo X and Clement VII. Despite her mother's efforts to induce a miscarriage by means of riding,[3] Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, the only daughter and second child of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and his consort, Marguerite Louise d'Orlans, was born in Florence on 11 August 1667. 5.0. Violante Beatrice tried to withdraw the Grand Duke from their sphere of influence by organising banquets. Cosimo granted her a pension of 80,000 livres in compensation. The greatest accomplishments of the Medici were in the sponsorship of art and architecture, mainly early and High Renaissance art and architecture. The Medicis' wealth and influence was initially derived from the textile trade guided by the wool guild of Florence, the Arte della Lana. In his remarkable account of the last Medici, famous aesthete and historian Harold Acton (1904-1994) takes up the causes which led to the disappearance of a house which has left indelible traces on the art, literature and commerce of the world; and his book was one of the first attempts to deal with this despotic dynasty in a scholarly and Gian Gastone de Medici was born in 1671 as the second son of Cosimo III de Medici and Marguerite Louise dOrlans. This page was last edited on 30 March 2023, at 22:13. They and other families of Italy inspired the Italian Renaissance, such as the Visconti and Sforza in Milan, the Este in Ferrara, the Borgia and Della Rovere in Rome, and the Gonzaga in Mantua. This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 17:10. [4], Her parents' relationship was quarrelsome; Marguerite Louise took every chance to humiliate Cosimo. The Medici family, also known as the House of Medici, first attained wealth and political power in Florence, Italy, in the 13th century through its success in commerce and banking. [67], In 2012 after concern caused by the 1966 Flood of the Arno River, her bones were exhumed. [58], The "Lorrainers," as the occupying forces were dubbed, were popularly loathed. [4] It is thought incorrectly by some historians that soon after arrival she contracted syphilis from the Elector, which they think explains why Anna Maria Luisa and Johann Wilhelm failed to produce any children. I go full of hope, praying to God to give me grace to perform what every citizen should at all times be ready to perform for his country. In 1293, the Ordinances of Justice were enacted; effectively, they became the constitution of the Republic of Florence throughout the Italian Renaissance. [35], Grand Duke Ferdinado was obsessed with new technology, and had a variety of hygrometers, barometers, thermometers, and telescopes installed in the Palazzo Pitti. The last Medici, savior of Florences art, exhumed. Giovannis elder son, Cosimo de Medici (1389-1464), rose to political power in 1434 and ruled Florence as an uncrowned monarch for the rest of his life. Although he never held any political office, he gained strong popular support for the family through his support for the introduction of a proportional system of taxation. [59][60] She occupied herself financing and overseeing the construction of the Cappella dei Principistarted in 1604 by Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscanyto the tune of 1,000 crowns per week, and she donated much of her fortune to charity: 4,000 per annum. 
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[21] Because Anna Maria Luisa patronised many musicians, the contemporary Palatine court enjoyed regard as an international centre of music. Giulio de Medici, the illegitimate son of Lorenzo the Magnificents brother Giuliano, abdicated power in 1523 to become Pope Clement VII, and the short and brutal rule of Alessandro (reputed to be Giulios own illegitimate son) ended with his assassination in 1537. The next few years marked the high point of Medici influence in Europe, as Leo X followed in his fathers humanistic footsteps and devoted himself to artistic patronage. [5] On one documented occasion, she branded him "a poor groom" in the presence of the Papal nuncio. The last descendant of the Medici before leaving all his inheritance to the new heirs retraces the history of his ancestors and of the villas in which the Medici lived and reigned. Upon the death of his first son, Cosimo contemplated restoring the Florentine republic, either upon Anna Maria Luisa's death, or on his own, if he predeceased her. She was buried in the Medici Chapels, in the San Lorenzo church, where she still rests. WebMedici family, French Mdicis, Italian bourgeois family that ruled Florence and, later, Tuscany during most of the period from 1434 to 1737, except for two brief intervals (from 1494 to 1512 and from 1527 to 1530). His probable illegitimate son, Alessandro de Medici, a tyrant, was the last of the direct male line of the elder branch. [26], Cosimo III wished to alter the male-only Tuscan line of succession so as to allow the accession of his daughter, Anna Maria Luisa, in the event of a male-line succession failure. The Spanish reaction was to construct a citadel on their portion of the island of Elba. The Medicis produced four popes (Leo X, Clement VII, Pius IV and Leo XI), and their genes have been mixed into many of Europes royal families. The last great act of the Medici for their city was made by the last descendant Anna Maria Luisa de Medici. Stars Piera Degli Esposti Amerigo Fontani Athos Leonardi See production, box office & company info Add to Watchlist Episodes 14 Browse episodes 1 Season 2020 Photos 19 ft. home is a 5 bed, 4.0 bath property. Fri 31 Mar 2023 10:21 AM. Average for the last 12 months. In 1512, thanks in part to the efforts of Pieros younger brother Giovanni (a cardinal at the time and the future Pope Leo X), the Medici family was able to return to Florence. The Medici were expelled from Florence from 1494 to 1512 after Piero acceded to all of the demands of invader Charles VIII of France. From the time of Clement's election as pope in 1523 until the sack of Rome, Florence was governed by the young Ippolito de' Medici (future cardinal and vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman Church), Alessandro de' Medici (future duke of Florence), and their guardians. The Medici Bank collapsed in 1494. [40] At the time of his death, the population of the grand duchy was 730,594; the streets were lined with grass and the buildings on the verge of collapse in Pisa.[41]. Shipping speed. As rulers over the Renaissances birthplace, the family had been among the greatest supporters of the genius artists and scholars the era produced, including Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Portrait as Electress Palatine, painted by Jan Frans von Douven Anna Maria Luisa de Medici in Florence today The Ruspanti, Gian Gastone's decrepit entourage, loathed the electress, and she them. Although none of the Medici themselves were scientists, the family is well known to have been the patrons of the famous Galileo Galilei, who tutored multiple generations of Medici children and was an important figurehead for his patron's quest for power. Despite the presence of some Medici in the city's government institutions, they were still far less notable than other outstanding families such as the Albizzi or the Strozzi. Instead of willing her valuables to her children, as prescribed by the 1674 agreement, they went to the Princess of Epinoy, a distant relative. The Medici Bank collapsed in 1494. As rulers over the Renaissances birthplace, the family had been among the greatest supporters of the genius artists and scholars the era produced, including Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. In 1736, following the War of the Polish Succession, Don Carlos was disbarred from Tuscany, and Francis III of Lorraine was made heir in his stead. She was buried in the Medici Chapels, in the San Lorenzo church, where she still rests. This bank was the largest in Europe during the 15th century and facilitated the Medicis' rise to political power in Florence, although they officially remained citizens rather than monarchs until the 16th century. The simplest, though also unproven, theory suggests that the balls represented coins copied from the coat of arms of the Guild of Moneychangers (Arte del Cambio) to which the Medici belonged. [15] The next year, however, a pro-Medici Signoria (civic government) led by Tommaso Soderini, Oddo Altoviti and Lucca Pitti was elected and Cosimo returned. At this point, the descendants of Cosimo the Elders brother (known as Lorenzo the Elder) came forward to launch a new Medici dynasty. That shield was red strewn with Byzantine coins (bezants). Father of, Cousin of Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, son of. Medici is the plural of medico, meaning "medical doctor". [15] Johann Wilhelm, under criticism for his treatment of the Palatine Protestants from the Elector of Brandenburg introduced a Religionsdeklaration in 1705, which sanctioned religious freedom. The Galileo Project. Cousin of Cardinal Ippolito de' Medici, illegitimate son of Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino or Pope Clement VII. As a consequence, the grand duchy expired and the territory became a secundogeniture of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. Cynthia Miller Lawrence, an American art-historian, argues that Anna Maria Luisa thus provisioned for Tuscany's future economy through tourism. Shipping speed. The last Medici, savior of Florences art, exhumed. However, in 1735, as part of a territorial arrangement, the European powers appointed Francis Stephen of Lorraine as heir, and he duly ascended the Tuscan throne in her stead. The restoration of the republic would entail resigning Siena to the Holy Roman Empire, but, regardless, it was vehemently endorsed by his government. [56] On 18 February 1743, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Dowager Electress Palatine, died of an "oppression on the breast". Gian Gastone revelled in upsetting her. WebMedici family, French Mdicis, Italian bourgeois family that ruled Florence and, later, Tuscany during most of the period from 1434 to 1737, except for two brief intervals (from 1494 to 1512 and from 1527 to 1530). Portrait as Electress Palatine, painted by Jan Frans von Douven Anna Maria Luisa de Medici in Florence today [21] He commissioned a theatre for her where the comedies of French playwright Molire were performed. He and Anna Maria Luisa were married by proxy on 29 April 1691. Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an affluent realm; his inaction in international affairs, however, would have long-reaching consequences down the line. [10] The origin of the name is uncertain. The so-called younger branch of the family began with Giovannis younger son Lorenzo de Medici. The Medici family was connected to most other elite families of the time through marriages of convenience, partnerships, or employment, so the family had a central position in the social network: several families had systematic access to the rest of the elite families only through the Medici, perhaps similar to banking relationships. Agostino Steffani, a polymath, was sponsored by the Electress from his arrival in Dsseldorf, in 1703, until her return to Tuscany; the Conservatorio Luigi Cherubini library in Florence houses two editions of his chamber duets. Like other families ruling in Italian signorie, the Medici dominated their city's government, were able to bring Florence under their family's power, and created an environment in which art and humanism flourished. [5] The enmity between them continued until 26 December 1674; after all attempts at conciliation failed, a stressed Cosimo consented to his wife's departure for the Convent of Montmartre, France. [6] In 1532, the family acquired the hereditary title Duke of Florence. One unproven story traces their ancestry to a knight of Charlemagne's, Averardo, who defeated a giant, Mugello. He died in 1574, succeeded by his eldest surviving son Francesco, whose death without male heirs led to the succession of his younger brother, Ferdinando, in 1587. [12] Until the late 14th century, the leading family of Florence was the House of Albizzi. Charles VI had previously offered the Grand Duke territorial compensationin the form of the State of Presidiif he chose quickly, but reneged. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Eldest son of Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Average for the last 12 months. [1] The 4,434 sq. She made an agreement with the Lorraine familythe new sovereigns of Florenceand forced them to leave intact the heritage of the Medici family, which had to be kept in Florence. The very last Grand Duke of Tuscany, Gian Gastone de Medici, passed away without a son in 1737. The last Medici, Anna Maria de Louisa de Medici, died in 1743. [54] Anna Maria Luisa was offered a nominal regency by the Prince de Craon, the Grand Duke's envoy, until Francis III could arrive in Florence, but declined. [52] In January 1737, the Spanish troops, who had occupied Tuscany since 1731, withdrew; 6,000 Austrian soldiers took their place. [72][73] The number of balls also varied with time, as shown below. Johann Wilhelm surprised her at Innsbruck, where they officially married. In reward, Charlemagne is said to have rewarded Averardo with the shield mauled by the giant, with the dents in the shape of balls, and the giant's lands in Mugello. Following the assassination of Duke Alessandro, power passed to the "junior" Medici branchthose descended from Lorenzo the Elder, the youngest son of Giovanni di Bicci, starting with his great-great-grandson Cosimo I "the Great.". His conduct at the banquets was less than regal; he often vomited repeatedly into his napkin, belched, and regaled those present with socially inappropriate jokes. [39] At that time, the economy was so decrepit that barter trade became prevalent in rural market places. He was the second son of Grand Duke Cosimo III and Marguerite Louise d'Orlans. Europe largely ignored Cosimo's plan. Following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, a document which had hitherto given rights to Calvinists, in 1685, 2,000 French Huguenots emigrated to the Electoral Palatinate. [24] Gian Gastone's wife repulsed him, and for that reason, they separated in 1708. The Medici line was then extinct. Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici (11 August 1667 18 February 1743) was an Italian noblewoman who was the last lineal descendant of the main branch of the House of Medici. Some examples of these families include the Bardi, Altoviti, Ridolfi, Cavalcanti and the Tornabuoni. The contract created that day revoked her privileges as a petite fille de France, and declared that upon her death all her assets were to be inherited by her children. Eldest son of Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. His probable illegitimate son, Alessandro de Medici, a tyrant, was the last of the direct male line of the elder branch. But the legacy of the Medici family lived on. Louis repudiated her pro-Habsburg policy in 1617. Another outstanding figure of the 16th-century Medici family was Cosimo I, who rose from relatively modest beginnings in the Mugello to attain supremacy over the whole of Tuscany. Although Gian Gastone was the last Medici grand duke, the dynasty had long been in decline from its former greatness. WebThe Age of the Medici, originally released in Italy as L'et di Cosimo de Medici (The Age of Cosimo de Medici), is a 1973 3-part TV series about the Renaissance in Florence, directed by Roberto Rossellini.The series was shot in English in the hope of securing a North American release, which it failed to achieve, and was later dubbed - Medici in prima linea: George Clooney e Anthony Edwards in una scena. [40], On 4 April 1718 England, France and the Dutch Republic (and later Austria) selected Don Carlos of Spain, the elder child of Elisabeth Farnese and Philip V of Spain, as the Tuscan heir (with no mention of Anna Maria Luisa). Henry explicitly stated that he would defend Tuscany from Spanish aggression, but later reneged, after which Ferdinando was forced to marry his heir, Cosimo, to Maria Maddalena of Austria to assuage Spain (where Maria Maddalena's sister Margaret was the incumbent Queen consort). Upon the defeat of the French armies in Italy by the [61][62] This is equivalent to 681,169 in present-day terms. He was the second son of Grand Duke Cosimo III and Marguerite Louise d'Orlans. Tuscany was overrun with religious orders, not all of whom were obliged to pay taxes. [36] In 1718, Charles VI repudiated Cosimo's decision, declaring a union of Tuscany and Modena (the Este lands) unacceptable. Anna Maria Luisa de Medici was the only surviving family member and had no offspring. [2] In regards to this, her most notable act was the Patto di Famiglia ("Family Pact"), signed on 31 October 1737. [7] Although Cosimo doted on his daughter, she was raised by her paternal grandmother, Vittoria della Rovere. Cosimo purchased a portion of the island of Elba from the Republic of Genoa and based the Tuscan navy there. [32] To complicate things further, Elisabeth Farnese, heiress of the Duchy of Parma, the second wife of Philip V of Spain, as a great-granddaughter of Margherita de' Medici, exercised a claim to Tuscany. Ferdinando eagerly assumed the government of Tuscany. After securing Alessandro de' Medici's dukedom, Pope Clement VII married off his first cousin, twice removed, Catherine de' Medici, to the son of Emperor Charles V's arch-enemy, King Francis I of Francethe future King Henry II. The Medici became the city's leading family, a position they would hold for the next three centuries. For the pharmaceutical company, see, Minerva, Mercury and Pluto pay homage to the Electress Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, The Medieval World Europe 11001350 by Friedrich Heer, 1998 Germany. They clearly dominated Florentine representative government without abolishing it altogether. He is most remembered as the patron of astronomer Galileo Galilei, whose 1610 treatise, Sidereus Nuncius, was dedicated to him. Maria Maddelana's temperament was analogous to Christina's, and together they aligned Tuscany with the papacy, re-doubled the Tuscan clergy, and allowed the heresy trial of Galileo Galilei to occur. Lorenzo's son Piero II took over as the head of Florence after Lorenzo's death. The family originated in the Mugello region of Tuscany, and prospered gradually until it was able to fund the Medici Bank. [36] In 1657, Leopoldo de' Medici, the Grand Duke's youngest brother, established the Accademia del Cimento, organized to attract scientists to Florence from all over Tuscany for mutual study. From Leo's election as pope in 1513 to his death in 1521, Florence was overseen, in turn, by Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours, Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, and Giulio de' Medici, the latter of whom became Pope Clement VII. Free shipping for many products! Later, in Rome, the Medici popes continued in the family tradition of patronizing artists in Rome. [31] Ferdinando's pro-papal foreign policy, however, had drawbacks. [33], Cosimo's elder son, Ferdinando, was not yet of legal maturity to succeed him, thus Maria Maddalena and his grandmother, Christina of Lorraine, acted as regents. Anna Maria Luisa signed the Patto di Famiglia ("family pact") on 31 October 1737. It would also have reflected the family's interest in Etruscan art and culture. [27] In foreign affairs, he shifted Tuscany away from Habsburg[28] hegemony by marrying the first non-Habsburg marriage candidate since Alessandro, Christina of Lorraine, a granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici. WebAnother of Cosimos grandsons, Giulio de Medici (14781534) became pope as Clement VII. 5.0. [30], Following the death of his heir apparent, Ferdinando, in 1713, Cosimo deposited a bill in the Senate, Tuscany's titular legislature, promulgating that if Cosimo and his new heir apparent, Gian Gastone, were to predecease the Electress, she would ascend the throne. By the early 1520s, few descendants of Cosimo the Elder remained. The Medici briefly became leaders of Christendom through their two famous 16th century popes, Leo X and Clement VII. Despite her mother's efforts to induce a miscarriage by means of riding,[3] Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, the only daughter and second child of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and his consort, Marguerite Louise d'Orlans, was born in Florence on 11 August 1667. 5.0. Violante Beatrice tried to withdraw the Grand Duke from their sphere of influence by organising banquets. Cosimo granted her a pension of 80,000 livres in compensation. The greatest accomplishments of the Medici were in the sponsorship of art and architecture, mainly early and High Renaissance art and architecture. The Medicis' wealth and influence was initially derived from the textile trade guided by the wool guild of Florence, the Arte della Lana. In his remarkable account of the last Medici, famous aesthete and historian Harold Acton (1904-1994) takes up the causes which led to the disappearance of a house which has left indelible traces on the art, literature and commerce of the world; and his book was one of the first attempts to deal with this despotic dynasty in a scholarly and Gian Gastone de Medici was born in 1671 as the second son of Cosimo III de Medici and Marguerite Louise dOrlans. This page was last edited on 30 March 2023, at 22:13. They and other families of Italy inspired the Italian Renaissance, such as the Visconti and Sforza in Milan, the Este in Ferrara, the Borgia and Della Rovere in Rome, and the Gonzaga in Mantua. This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 17:10. [4], Her parents' relationship was quarrelsome; Marguerite Louise took every chance to humiliate Cosimo. The Medici family, also known as the House of Medici, first attained wealth and political power in Florence, Italy, in the 13th century through its success in commerce and banking. [67], In 2012 after concern caused by the 1966 Flood of the Arno River, her bones were exhumed. [58], The "Lorrainers," as the occupying forces were dubbed, were popularly loathed. [4] It is thought incorrectly by some historians that soon after arrival she contracted syphilis from the Elector, which they think explains why Anna Maria Luisa and Johann Wilhelm failed to produce any children. I go full of hope, praying to God to give me grace to perform what every citizen should at all times be ready to perform for his country. In 1293, the Ordinances of Justice were enacted; effectively, they became the constitution of the Republic of Florence throughout the Italian Renaissance. [35], Grand Duke Ferdinado was obsessed with new technology, and had a variety of hygrometers, barometers, thermometers, and telescopes installed in the Palazzo Pitti. The last Medici, savior of Florences art, exhumed. Giovannis elder son, Cosimo de Medici (1389-1464), rose to political power in 1434 and ruled Florence as an uncrowned monarch for the rest of his life. Although he never held any political office, he gained strong popular support for the family through his support for the introduction of a proportional system of taxation. [59][60] She occupied herself financing and overseeing the construction of the Cappella dei Principistarted in 1604 by Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscanyto the tune of 1,000 crowns per week, and she donated much of her fortune to charity: 4,000 per annum. When Gian Gastone died in 1737, Francis Stephen's envoy offered Anna Maria Luisa the position of nominal regent of Tuscany, but she declined. 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